Combined Antibacterial-Osteogenic Modulation of Orthopedic Implants through Thermo-Induced Bioinspired Interfacial Activation

through combined heat-assisted contact killing, while markedly upregulating osteogenic markers, alkaline phosphatase activity, and calcification. Mechanistically, the mild photothermal effect of Ti-AQR activated the MAPK pathway and upregulated heat shock protein-related genes. In animal experiments, Ti-AQR implants simultaneously prevented early-stage infection and significantly improved bone-implant integration. This thermo-induced interfacial synergy establishes a versatile strategy for functionalization of orthopedic implants, offering dynamic, controllable, and biocompatible solutions against both infection and loosening.