Neuropeptides in the Management of Alzheimer’s Disease: From Pathophysiology to Therapeutic Opportunities

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory decline, cognitive impairment, and behavioral changes, ultimately leading to a loss of independence and reduced quality of life. Although understanding of the molecular basis of AD has advanced, effective disease-modifying therapies remain scarce. Neuropeptides are small protein-like signaling molecules that regulate diverse physiological processes, including mood, memory, and neuronal function. Growing evidence indicates that neuropeptides are promising therapeutic candidates for AD, particularly through modulation of neuroinflammation, synaptic plasticity, and amyloid-beta (Aβ) aggregation. Preclinical AD models show that neuroprotective neuropeptides, such as neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), exert neuroprotective effects, enhance memory, and attenuate cognitive decline. This review summarizes current research on neuropeptide-based therapies for AD, detailing their molecular mechanisms, therapeutic actions, and the barriers to their clinical translation. We specifically highlight neuropeptides whose clinical potential in AD remains comparatively underrecognized, discuss strategies for optimizing their delivery and overcoming pharmacokinetic limitations, and outline future perspectives for integrating neuropeptide-based interventions into AD therapy.