The 15-year bibliometric landscape of glioblastoma vaccines: Emergence of combinatorial immunotherapy

Despite the persistently poor prognosis of glioblastoma (GBM), research into novel immunotherapies, particularly tumor vaccines, has flourished, evolving into a highly active and interdisciplinary field. Through a bibliometric analysis of 1,096 relevant publications from 2010 to 2025, this study systematically maps the intellectual structure, collaborative networks, and thematic evolution of this domain. The analysis reveals a significant paradigm shift: the research focus has transitioned from early antigen-specific vaccine development toward the comprehensive modulation of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. This shift is evidenced by in-depth investigations into combination immunotherapies (e.g., with immune checkpoint inhibitors), advanced delivery technologies designed to overcome the blood-brain barrier (such as focused ultrasound and biomimetic nanocarriers), and innovative platforms including oncolytic viruses and stem cell-based systems. Overall, over the past 15 y, the field has evolved from strategies centered on unilateral immune activation toward integrated, synergistic approaches aimed at counteracting systemic immunosuppression. Future breakthroughs are anticipated to depend on refining personalized neoantigen-targeting strategies and optimizing multimodal combination therapeutic regimens.