The effect of different mindfulness activities on subjective well-being and its implications for mental health

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among types of mindfulness activities, spirituality and mindful well-being in a cross-sectional sample of 58 adults (M = 24 years, SD = 9.05). Design/methodology/approach Participants completed the Mindful Attention Wellness Scale (MAWS; Brown and Ryan, 2003) and reported their engagement in mindfulness activities (physical: Yoga, Pilates; metaphysical: meditation, art) and self-identified spirituality. Analyses examined differences in well-being scores across activity types, spiritual orientation and duration of practice. Findings Results indicated that participants engaging in physical mindfulness activities reported significantly higher mindful attention than those engaging in metaphysical activities (p < 0.05), and those practicing both types also showed elevated mindful attention (p < 0.05). Spiritual individuals reported higher mindful attention than non-spiritual individuals (p < 0.05), although no interaction was observed between spirituality and activity type. Controlling for duration of practice, physical and combined activities remained significantly associated with higher mindful attention (p < 0.05), suggesting that the type and quality of mindful engagement may be more influential for mental-health–related outcomes than practice length. Research limitations/implications Overall, findings support the notion that embodied and spiritually integrated mindfulness practices enhance attentional awareness, emotional balance and psychological well-being. Originality/value These results underscore the value of integrative approaches to mindfulness that consider both physical and spiritual dimensions to promote mental-health resilience and psychological flourishing.