A comparative review of global GMO labeling systems and South Korea's policy transition

Genetically modified organism (GMO)-derived foods are increasingly regulated to ensure consumer transparency and traceability. Recently, major changes have occurred in GMO labeling systems. The United States now requires disclosure for highly refined foods regardless of DNA detectability. In line with these inter- national trends, South Korea is transitioning to a “full GMO labeling” system in 2026, expanding disclosure to all raw-material-based products. This study focuses on current GMO labeling frameworks in selected jurisdictions (United States, European Union, Japan, Australia, Canada, Taiwan, Thailand) and analyzes South Korea’s regulatory transition in light of international trends and evolving consumer expectations. Findings reveal a global convergence toward enhanced transparency and process-based or outcome-based governance, despite divergence in adventitious presence thresholds and approved events. This study provides critical in- sights for developing a scientifically sound, internationally harmonized, and socially acceptable GMO labeling policy in South Korea.