An integrated methodological framework for the characterization of fine urban road dust (<50 μm): Magnetic, mineralogical, and thermal analyses

) and specific pyrolytic mass fragments (e.g, m/z 77, 78, 91, 105). This integrated approach effectively distinguishes harmless geogenic minerals from technogenic materials hazardous to the environment and human health. A novel application of TG-MS analysis enables quantitative and qualitative characterization of road dust components and is a promising tool for further investigation. Using χ as a rapid, nondestructive prescreening tool allows for high-resolution monitoring of pollution hotspots and public health risks associated with inhalable, magnetite-linked organic contaminants, providing a reliable strategy for urban air quality management.