Blackened Panax quinquefolius L. Saponins and Their Cytotoxic Effect on HepG2 Cells

values of 0.2999 mg/mL and 0.2640 mg/mL, respectively, as well as stronger reducing power. Meanwhile, BPQS exhibited higher cytotoxicity toward HepG2 cells and effectively inhibited cell survival and proliferation by promoting the expression of apoptosis-related proteins, including caspase 3 and caspase 9. Our findings indicate that BPQS may be a functional ingredient suitable for use in dietary supplements and disease chemoprevention.