Exploring groundwater-surface water interactions and recharge in fractured mountain systems: an integrated approach

Abstract. This study presents an integrated approach to map groundwater-surface water (GW-SW) interactions in a scarcely anthropized Mediterranean mountain catchment (Ussita) characterized by fractured limestone rocks with complex spatial-temporal patterns of hydrological processes. Understanding GW contributions to streams like the Ussita is crucial for addressing environmental challenges, including water resources management and evaluating ecological flows to protect aquatic ecosystems. The use of traditional hydrological techniques, such as discharge measurements along various stream reaches, combined with hydrochemical-isotopic analyses and innovative thermal drone surveys, enabled us to quantify the specific contributions of different limestone aquifers to sustaining streamflow. Integrating satellite-based meteorological datasets with in-situ observations further helped to constrain the water budget and assess the extent of the recharge area. Hydrogeological analyses also revealed that snowmelt contributes about 18 % to aquifer recharge, an important consideration for GW availability in the face of future spatial-temporal changes in snow patterns. These findings can support further studies in other catchments by guiding and optimizing field campaigns to identify site-specific conditions responsible for GW inflow, from point sources to stream reaches. Moreover, the results can help optimize resource management, mitigate climate-related risks, and support the long-term sustainability of both upstream and downstream socio-ecological systems.