Ore body-specific bulk density versus specific gravity in copper resource estimation at Mopani Copper Mines PLC, Mufulira, Zambia

Introduction: Accurate bulk density determination is critical in mineral resource estimation, as it used to convert volumes to tonnages. However, many mining firms, including Mopani Copper Mines PLC (Mufulira mine site), use a single tonnage factor for diverse lithological and mineralogical ore bodies. Therefore, use of accurately determined bulk density and its integration in mineral resource and reserve estimates is essential for successful and accurate mine planning, reducing risks, improving operational performance, and enhancing the profit margin of mining operations.