PRODIGE – Envelope to disk with NOEMA

Context . Recently, streamers have been observed causing shocks at the outer edge of protoplanetary disks. The study of sulfur-bearing species can help us to understand the physical and chemical changes caused by infalling streamers toward their landing positions. Aims . We study the physical properties traced by the emission of SO 2 and SO toward the Class I protostar Per-emb 50, which is possibly related to the streamer infalling toward its disk. Methods . We present new NOrthern Extended Millimeter Array (NOEMA) A-array observations as part of the large program “Protostars and Disks: Global Evolution” (PRODIGE). We analyzed the morphology of SO 2 and SO, and complement our interpretations with additional H 2 CO and CO data from the same program. We compared the SO 2 and SO morphology with an infalling-rotating model. We applied Bayesian model selection to the brightest SO 2 line to disentangle the different kinematic components traced by this molecule. We used local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) and non-LTE analyses to determine the temperature and density of the SO 2 emission. Results . There are two separate peaks of SO 2 emission offset toward the southwest of Per-emb 50: one brighter (peak 1) at about 180 au from the protostar, and a weaker one (peak 2) at about 400 au. Peak 2 is blueshifted with respect to an infalling-rotating envelope. We propose that this peak is caused by the shock between the inner envelope and the streamer. Peak 1 is consistent with the expected envelope motion, and could thus be caused by shocks at the disk-envelope interface, but potential streamer influence cannot be neglected. Both peaks show abundance ratios consistent with a low-velocity shock (~3–4 km s −1 ) when compared with shock models. Conclusions . Streamers can affect the physical and chemical structure of both disks and envelopes, suggesting that streamers can play an important role in shaping both structures in the embedded stages of star formation.

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Publication Details

Journal
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Published
2026-04-01
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202557958
Primary Topic
Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
0.00

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article

PRODIGE – Envelope to disk with NOEMA

Sierk van Terwisga, Dominique Segura-Cox, M. T. Valdivia-Mena, C. Gieser et al.
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
article

PRODIGE – Envelope to disk with NOEMA

Sierk van Terwisga, Dominique Segura-Cox, M. T. Valdivia-Mena, C. Gieser, Asunción Fuente, Laura A. Busch, Kamber R. Schwarz, Riccardo Franceschi, A. López-Sepulcre, María José Maureira, F. O. Alves, L. Bouscasse, E. Chapillon, Yu-Ru Chou, Tien-Hao Hsieh, Mario Tafalla, Dmitry Semenov, Nichol Cunningham, Jaime E. Pineda, Julián J. Miranzo-Pastor, Anne Dutrey, Izaskun Jimenez-Serra, Yuxin Lin, Stephane Guilloteau, Thomas Henning, Roberto Neri, Paola Caselli
article en

Abstract

Context . Recently, streamers have been observed causing shocks at the outer edge of protoplanetary disks. The study of sulfur-bearing species can help us to understand the physical and chemical changes caused by infalling streamers toward their landing positions. Aims . We study the physical properties traced by the emission of SO 2 and SO toward the Class I protostar Per-emb 50, which is possibly related to the streamer infalling toward its disk. Methods . We present new NOrthern Extended Millimeter Array (NOEMA) A-array observations as part of the large program “Protostars and Disks: Global Evolution” (PRODIGE). We analyzed the morphology of SO 2 and SO, and complement our interpretations with additional H 2 CO and CO data from the same program. We compared the SO 2 and SO morphology with an infalling-rotating model. We applied Bayesian model selection to the brightest SO 2 line to disentangle the different kinematic components traced by this molecule. We used local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) and non-LTE analyses to determine the temperature and density of the SO 2 emission. Results . There are two separate peaks of SO 2 emission offset toward the southwest of Per-emb 50: one brighter (peak 1) at about 180 au from the protostar, and a weaker one (peak 2) at about 400 au. Peak 2 is blueshifted with respect to an infalling-rotating envelope. We propose that this peak is caused by the shock between the inner envelope and the streamer. Peak 1 is consistent with the expected envelope motion, and could thus be caused by shocks at the disk-envelope interface, but potential streamer influence cannot be neglected. Both peaks show abundance ratios consistent with a low-velocity shock (~3–4 km s −1 ) when compared with shock models. Conclusions . Streamers can affect the physical and chemical structure of both disks and envelopes, suggesting that streamers can play an important role in shaping both structures in the embedded stages of star formation.

Astronomy and AstrophysicsVol. 709
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR), Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica (TW), Austrian Academy of Sciences (AT), Université de Bordeaux (FR), Heidelberg University (DE), Université Paris-Saclay (FR), Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (DE), Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (FR), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux (FR), Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale (FR), SKA Observatory (GB), Max Planck Institute for Astronomy (DE), Centro de Astrobiología (ES), Division of Astronomical Sciences (US), Spanish National Observatory (ES), University of Rochester (US), Université Grenoble Alpes (FR)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, European Commission, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, European Regional Development Fund, Agencia Estatal de Investigación
Openalex Percentile: Top 32%
Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
DOIOpen Access PDFOpenAlex
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