A miR172e/TOE3 Module from the Halophyte Halostachys caspica Regulates Plant Multiple Abiotic Stress Tolerance via Cellular Homeostasis

exhibited the opposite phenotypes, physiological responses and corresponding gene expression patterns under multiple stress treatments. These findings collectively elucidated the antagonistic regulatory roles of HcmiR172e and HcTOE3 in plant abiotic stress responses, providing novel molecular targets for engineering stress-tolerant crops for saline, arid, freezing environments.