Computed Tomography of the Nasal Cavities and Paranasal Sinuses of Cattle at Different Ages

BACKGROUND: The nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses of cattle are complex anatomical structures that undergo significant changes throughout growth and maturation. Computed tomography (CT) is increasingly used as a routine imaging modality in small animals but remains less common in cattle due to technical limitations. However, it provides valuable diagnostic insight into the nasal cavities and sinuses, which are difficult to assess and often involved in disease processes. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to provide a detailed description of these structures using CT in cattle of different ages in order to provide a valuable tool to clinicians. METHODS: CT bone window scans of thirteen bovine heads aged 5 days to 5 years and belonging to two breeds, Holstein and Blonde d'Aquitaine, were obtained in ventral recumbency. CT and gross anatomical data were correlated with CT images and cross-sectional anatomy from the head of three 5-year-old cows. Relevant anatomical structures were identified and labelled on each CT image and anatomical cross section in three different planes. RESULTS: CT scans produced an excellent definition of the bony and air-filled structures and allowed us to successfully identify most of the bovine head bone structures. The results revealed a progressive pneumatization of the paranasal sinuses with age, as well as an increased ossification and complexity of the nasal turbinates. Age-related differences were particularly evident in the extent and shape of the frontal sinus. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the importance of considering age when interpreting CT images of the bovine head, especially in clinical and research contexts. The findings provide a reference for normal anatomical variation across different life stages and contribute to improved diagnostic accuracy in bovine veterinary imaging.