An Adaptable Air Extraction Approach for Detecting Illicit and Hazardous Materials Concealed in Shipping Cargo Containers

International criminal networks frequently exploit legitimate maritime operations. However, due to resource limitations, customs authorities are unable to detect and intercept all concealed smuggled goods. Current detection technologies are often costly and limited in their applicability, necessitating the exploration of alternative methods. Many illicit commodities, including hazardous materials, narcotics and wildlife derivatives, generally emit distinct, detectable chemical profiles. Leveraging this, we designed a non-invasive air extraction device and explored a proof-of-concept methodology to sample sealed containers at the port. The device uses mixed-mode ventilation to extract a sample while simultaneously increasing airflow and positive pressure in the container. The sample may thereafter be analysed using various analytical techniques, such as mass spectrometry or detection dogs, to ascertain the presence of a commodity of interest. This investigation introduces a scalable and versatile tool designed to complement customs investigations and support detection of a broad range of trafficked contraband and hazardous goods.