Optimization of DC/AC Ratio and Tilt Angle for Bifacial Floating Photovoltaic Systems: A Power Generation and Degradation Analysis

The direct current to alternating current power ratio (DC/AC ratio, P nom ) and the module tilt angle critically affect the energy yield and loss mechanisms of photovoltaic (PV) systems. This study explores their combined influence on energy production and inverter clipping losses in a floating bifacial PV array. Three configurations were examined: (1) a reference case with a DC/AC ratio of 1.001 and a tilt angle of 90°; (2) Group A, with a DC/AC ratio of 1.315 and a tilt of 30°; and (3) Group B, with a DC/AC ratio of 1.315 and a tilt of 90°. Increasing the DC/AC ratio from 1.001 to 1.315 substantially raised the total energy yield but also intensified inverter mismatch losses. Reducing the tilt angle from 90° to 30° enhanced irradiance capture, particularly around solar noon, improving overall system efficiency. Among the three, Group B achieved the highest net energy generation with tolerable clipping losses. These results underscore the need for integrated optimization of inverter sizing and module orientation to maximize the performance of floating bifacial PV systems.