Gender-Specific Association of Cigarette Smoking with Spirometry and Cardiopulmonary Exercise Parameters in Elite Athletes—Impact of Cigarette Smoking in Elite Athletes

: Chronic smoking is associated with early spirometric and ventilatory impairments in elite athletes associated with lower aerobic capacity, despite their high levels of fitness. These effects are more marked in males, while females may exhibit partial protection. These findings highlight the importance of integrating smoking cessation and respiratory monitoring into athlete health programs.