Fundamental and applied insights into peptide hormones linking nitrogen and phosphate sensing to microbial interactions

Plant roots inhabit a bustling microbial world, where they trade nutrients with bacteria and fungi in complex relationships that can be both beneficial and costly. To navigate these interactions, plants assess their internal nutrient status and the reliability of potential microbial partners. In this review, we explore how peptide hormone signaling integrates nitrogen and phosphorus availability with microbial interactions and discuss potential applications for peptide biotechnology in manipulating plant-microbe interactions.