IMPROVING FINANCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT IN REAL SECTOR ENTERPRISES THROUGH INSTITUTIONAL INVESTMENT MECHANISMS

Financial risk management has evolved significantly over the past three decades, driven by the increasing complexity of global capital markets, regulatory developments following the 2008 global financial crisis, and the growing prominence of institutional investors as key intermediaries between capital markets and the real economy. Real sector enterprises, those engaged in manufacturing, agriculture, infrastructure, energy, and other productive industries, face a particularly demanding risk landscape characterized by market volatility, interest rate fluctuations, credit constraints, currency exposure, and supply chain disruptions