Exercise‑induced extracellular vesicle microRNA regulates physiological function (Review)

Physical exercise is essential for maintaining health and preventing disease. Various forms of exercise enhance physiological function by regulating multiple body systems, including the metabolic, immune, cardiovascular and nervous systems. Beyond directly improving organ performance, exercise promotes systemic homeostasis through the modulation of extracellular vesicles (EVs), particularly exosomes. Functioning as key mediators of intercellular communication, exosome‑derived microRNAs (miRNAs) exhibit dynamic regulation influenced by exercise type, frequency and intensity. Accumulating evidence suggests that exercise‑induced exosomal miRNAs support organ integrity and play crucial roles in the prevention and treatment of disorders associated with the metabolic, immune, cardiovascular and nervous systems. Elucidating the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of these miRNAs may enable their application as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for a variety of diseases. The present review summarized advances in the study of exercise‑induced exosomal miRNAs and underscored their potential in promoting health and preventing disease.