Transforming waste management: the impact of digital innovation on integrating informal sectors in Cape Town and Johannesburg smart cities

Rapid urbanization in sub-Saharan Africa has intensified waste-management challenges, particularly in Cape Town and Johannesburg, where informal reclaimers remain central yet marginalized actors. This study investigates how digital innovation transforms waste management and facilitates the integration of informal sectors within smart city frameworks. Using a qualitative case-study approach guided by sociotechnical transition theory, the research analyzes policy documents, digital platforms and secondary literature to evaluate information and communications technologies (ICT)-enabled systems such as internet of things (IoT) sensors, blockchain applications and mobile recycling platforms. Findings reveal that these technologies can improve operational efficiency, regulatory compliance and transparency, while reshaping market access and recognition for reclaimers. The discussion highlights opportunities for inclusion, training and circular economy outcomes, alongside challenges of digital divides, data justice and risks of exclusion. The study concludes that an equitable, context-sensitive model is essential to ensure that digital transitions empower informal workers, advance sustainability and align with Sustainable Development Goals.