Responses of acetylcholinesterase and glutathione S-transferases activities to thiamethoxam toxicity in Blattella germanica (L., 1767) (Blattodea: Ectobiidae)

Cockroaches are significant pests that act as vectors for many disease agents, and the indiscriminate use of insecticides has led to widespread resistance development in these species. This study, conducted at Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University between 2023 and 2024, aimed to determine the toxic effects of thiamethoxam on German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L., 1767) (Blattodea: Ectobiidae) populations and to investigate the responses of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione S-transferase (GST). The field populations (Dokuma, Konyaaltı, and Ahatlı) generally exhibited low levels of resistance to thiamethoxam at a range of 1.88-3.24-fold compared to the susceptible World Health Organization (WHO) strain. The WHO group showed the lowest AChE activity before and after thiamethoxam exposure compared to the field groups (p