Ethnobotany in Integrating Agroecology and Sustainable Tourism: Evidence from Bolu Province, Türkiye

This study examines how ethnobotany can integrate Bolu’s agroecological subzones into sustainable tourism and identifies the conditions under which ethnobotanical knowledge may be translated into tourism products. Located in the Western Black Sea Region of Türkiye, Bolu is characterised by high biodiversity, diverse ecosystems, and strong cultural traditions. Although tourism supports regional development and rural livelihoods, unmanaged growth may increase pressure on natural resources and socio-cultural structures. The analysis draws on four agroecological subzones defined in the Bolu Agricultural Master Plan: (1) Mengen–Central District–Yeniçağa, (2) Dörtdivan–Gerede, (3) Seben–Kıbrıscık, and (4) Göynük–Mudurnu. Adopting an interpretivist paradigm, the study employs a qualitative design combining literature review, field observations, and semi-structured interviews in rural settlements. Data were analysed using descriptive qualitative analysis, supported by comparative categorisation and thematic comparison across agroecological subzones, focusing on variations in vernacular plant knowledge, use purposes, and preparation practices. Findings indicate strong potential for nature-based tourism grounded in ethnobotanical practices, alongside marked inter-regional differences in plant diversity, seasonality, and use purposes. Integrating ethnobotany with agroecology may strengthen sustainable agriculture, reinforce rural economies, and generate synergies between agriculture and tourism. The study proposes a practice-oriented framework centred on conservation, carrying capacity, ethical harvesting, and equitable benefit-sharing.