Sn Electrochemistry in Aqueous Media: Bridging Acidic and Alkaline Pathways Toward Efficient Energy Storage

Tin (Sn) metal has attracted growing attention in aqueous battery systems owing to its high theoretical capacity, low cost, and environmental benignity. Although Sn metal anodes are widely employed as counter electrodes in laboratory studies and are seldom the performance‐limiting component, substantial challenges remain for their deployment in large‐scale aqueous energy storage. Notably, the electrochemical behavior of Sn anodes differs markedly in acidic and alkaline electrolytes, presenting both fundamental challenges and opportunities for battery design. This review first elucidates the electrochemical reaction mechanisms of Sn anodes in acidic and alkaline environments, highlighting their distinct thermodynamic and kinetic characteristics. Building on these fundamental insights, we systematically summarize key strategies for optimizing the performance of Sn‐based aqueous batteries (SnABs) under different electrolyte conditions and discuss representative high‐efficiency battery configurations. Finally, from the authors’ perspective, potential pathways toward the practical implementation of SnABs are proposed. This work aims to provide a coherent framework and design guidelines for the development of next‐generation high‐performance Sn‐based aqueous energy storage systems.