Understanding the Relationship between the Main Components of Precursor and the Structure and Performance of Biomass-Derived Hard Carbon

, indicating cellulose is the dominant component. The outstanding sodium storage performance should be attributed to the lowest degree of disorder in cellulose-derived hard carbon. Among four precursors with distinctly different compositions, bamboo flesh contained the highest cellulose content (37.5%), and the derived hard carbon exhibited the lowest degree of disorder and the best sodium storage performance, further confirming that cellulose is the advantageous component. Identifying the advantageous components in the precursor provides guidance for the selection of precursors and the design of pretreatment processes.