Assessing bioenergy sustainability through integrated environmental, social, and techno-economic dimensions

Introduction: Bioenergy stands as a dispatchable pillar of the renewable energy mix, yet its sustainability remains contested due to assessments that often isolate environmental, social, and economic–policy, or technological dimensions. This study develops and applies an integrated evaluation framework that jointly considers life cycle impacts, social outcomes, techno-economic feasibility, governance conditions, and technological maturity, with the objective of capturing the synergies and trade-offs that determine bioenergy’s real-world sustainability.