COMBATING MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE THROUGH EFFLUX PUMP INHIBITION AND PHYTOCHEMICAL MODULATION

Multiple drug resistance (MDR) is a major obstacle in treating infectious diseases and cancer. The development of resistance mechanisms, such as efflux pumps, target modification, and enzymatic degradation, limits the success of chemotherapy and antimicrobial therapy. This review discusses how efflux inhibitors (EIs) and phytochemicals used for the reversal of MDR. EIs have gained significant attention as potential adjuvants to restore drug sensitivity. Plant-derived compounds effectively modulate the mechanisms of MDR. This review explores the role of phytochemicals in overcoming MDR as natural modulators, with examples. Efflux-mediated drug resistance, with classification, and in addition, current and future challenges and prospects of EIs and natural modulators. Integrating phytochemicals and efflux inhibitors (EIs) with conventional therapeutics offers a promising approach to overcoming resistance and enhancing therapeutic outcomes.