High-solids processing of Palmaria palmata for feed applications: effects of alkaline autoclaving and sequential enzymatic treatment

Macroalgae are increasingly recognized as a valuable source of nutrients and bioactive compounds for animal nutrition, including for aquatic species. However, the complex structure of the macroalgal cell wall limits the accessibility of intracellular components, restricting their use in feeds. To overcome this limitation, macroalgal hydrolysis using various technological treatments has been tested, often employing a low solid-to-water ratio, which complicates downstream processing due to phase separation. In contrast, high-solids loading hydrolysis has the advantage of producing a single and consolidated fraction, simplifying subsequent processing and application. The present study assessed the effectiveness of high-solids loading water or alkaline (0.5 and 1N NaOH) autoclaving for 30 or 60 min, applied alone or followed by sequential enzymatic hydrolysis, using a xylanase-rich enzymatic complex aimed at promoting cell wall disruption and increasing the extractability of intracellular components in the red macroalga Palmaria palmata with minimal free water. The 1N NaOH treatment for 30 min decreased neutral and acid detergent fiber while increasing FolinCiocalteu total phenolic content (GAE) (expressed as gallic acid equivalent) and the water-soluble protein fraction and decreased crude protein, indicating enhanced extractability of these components. Microscopic examination showed relatively mild structural changes on the surface of P. palmata after high-solids loading alkaline (1N NaOH) autoclaving for 30 min. Following alkaline or water treatment, the enzymatic complex hydrolysis further increased the FolinCiocalteu total phenolic content (GAE), with minimal effects on NDF, ADF, or crude protein. Overall, these results showed that high-solids loading alkaline autoclaving, with or without subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis, effectively disrupts P. palmata cell walls and induces substantial modifications while simplifying processing by avoiding phase separation.