Is There a Risk of Developing Toxic Shock Syndrome and Vaginal Infectionsby Using a Menstrual Cup? A Narrative Review

Introduction: An intravaginal menstrual product that is both flexible and reusable, the Menstrual Cup (MC) has experienced a worldwide surge in popularity. However, there are ongoing concerns about its potential adverse effects, such as irritation, infection, Urinary Tract Infection (UTI), and leakage, as well as rare cases of Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted on MC and associated infections. Google Scholar was searched for relevant original research articles and case reports published in English from 1962 to 2024. Studies were excluded if they lacked essential information or did not meet the inclusion criteria. Results: Menstrual cups appear to be a safe, effective, and environmentally sound option for menstrual hygiene. They are economical, produce very little waste, and are reusable for extended periods. TSS incidents are exceedingly rare, and the risk of infection is minimal with proper hygiene. Discussion: Reviewed evidence suggests that when appropriately used, MCs are generally safe, and adverse events like TSS and infections are rare. Complications are associated with incorrect use and poor hygiene, highlighting the need for user education. MCs, when compared to other menstrual products, do not appear to elevate the risk of vaginal or Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs). Conclusion: Adhering to recommended hygiene practices, such as handwashing, proper cleaning and sterilisation, and changing the cup every 8–12 hours, is essential to prevent complications. Promoting safe and effective MC use through health education, emphasising its value as a healthconscious and sustainable alternative to traditional menstrual products, is necessary.