Bounds on the Tsallis parameter from a deformed neutrino sector in the early Universe

Abstract We generalize neutrino energy density content in the early Universe near BBN era $$T\simeq 1$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mo>≃</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> MeV within Tsallis nonextensive statistics. By using Curado–Tsallis constraints we obtain generalized distribution functions $$f_q(E)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mi>q</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>E</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . We compute the generalized thermodynamic integral for the energy density $$\rho _q$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>ρ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>q</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> . We define a reescaling which is a ratio between the deformed energy density and the standard extensive case. The last was used to directly map and deform neutrino content via the effective number of neutrinos $$N_\textrm{eff}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>eff</mml:mtext> </mml:msub> </mml:math> . The deformation prediction was confronted against CMB+BAO and BBN data for $$N_\textrm{eff}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>eff</mml:mtext> </mml:msub> </mml:math> by a joint/combined $$\chi ^2$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>χ</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:math> type-fit. We obtained the constraints $$|q-1|\le 1.09\times 10^{-2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>|</mml:mo> <mml:mi>q</mml:mi> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>|</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>≤</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1.09</mml:mn> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> (95% CL) and $$|q-1|\le 1.32\times 10^{-2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>|</mml:mo> <mml:mi>q</mml:mi> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>|</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>≤</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1.32</mml:mn> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> (99% CL) from the combined analysis by numerically calculating the best value of the Tsallis parameter $$q_\textrm{best}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>q</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>best</mml:mtext> </mml:msub> </mml:math> .

Publication Details

Journal
The European Physical Journal C
Published
2026-03-30
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-026-15600-8
Primary Topic
Statistical Mechanics and Entropy
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article
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article

Bounds on the Tsallis parameter from a deformed neutrino sector in the early Universe

The European Physical Journal C
Statistical Mechanics and Entropy
article

Bounds on the Tsallis parameter from a deformed neutrino sector in the early Universe

article en

Abstract

Abstract We generalize neutrino energy density content in the early Universe near BBN era $$T\simeq 1$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mo>≃</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> MeV within Tsallis nonextensive statistics. By using Curado–Tsallis constraints we obtain generalized distribution functions $$f_q(E)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mi>q</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>E</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . We compute the generalized thermodynamic integral for the energy density $$\rho _q$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>ρ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>q</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> . We define a reescaling which is a ratio between the deformed energy density and the standard extensive case. The last was used to directly map and deform neutrino content via the effective number of neutrinos $$N_\textrm{eff}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>eff</mml:mtext> </mml:msub> </mml:math> . The deformation prediction was confronted against CMB+BAO and BBN data for $$N_\textrm{eff}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>eff</mml:mtext> </mml:msub> </mml:math> by a joint/combined $$\chi ^2$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>χ</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:math> type-fit. We obtained the constraints $$|q-1|\le 1.09\times 10^{-2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>|</mml:mo> <mml:mi>q</mml:mi> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>|</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>≤</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1.09</mml:mn> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> (95% CL) and $$|q-1|\le 1.32\times 10^{-2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>|</mml:mo> <mml:mi>q</mml:mi> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>|</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>≤</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1.32</mml:mn> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> (99% CL) from the combined analysis by numerically calculating the best value of the Tsallis parameter $$q_\textrm{best}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>q</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>best</mml:mtext> </mml:msub> </mml:math> .

The European Physical Journal CVol. 86(3)
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