Novel solventless green synthesis of biodiesel via acid catalyzed transesterification of palm kernel oil with cellobiose

The persistent combustion of fossil fuels has intensified greenhouse gas emissions and accelerated global warming, driving an urgent search for renewable and ecologically benign energy alternatives. This study reports a novel solventless green synthesis of biodiesel through the acid catalyzed transesterification of palm kernel oil (PKO) with laboratory synthesized cellobiose, thereby eliminating the conventional reliance on toxic methanol or ethanol. Cellobiose (0.6 g) was dissolved in 1 mL of c