Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) continues to be the leading infectious disease-related cause of death worldwide. Aim: The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of PTB by focusing on current diagnostic methods, clinical features, and evidence-based treatment options, including the management of forms that are drug-resistant. Methods: Using PubMed, WHO guidelines, and most recent national tuberculosis protocols, a systematic literature review focusing on publications from the past five years was carried out. Included were studies on therapeutic outcomes, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and diagnostics. Results: PTB typically presents with persistent cough, fever, night sweats, weight loss, and hemoptysis. Diagnosis relies on sputum microscopy, culture, rapid molecular tests, and imaging. Drug-sensitive PTB responds to standard first-line regimens, while MDR/XDR-TB requires individualized treatment with second-line drugs and newer agents such as bedaquiline. To reduce morbidity, prevent drug resistance, and control transmission, early detection through molecular diagnostics and adherence to tailored treatment regimens are essential..