The effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and acceptability of music therapy for children and young people with mental health, behavioural and/or neurodevelopmental conditions: a study protocol

Background: Mental health, behavioural, and neurodevelopmental conditions affect up to 25% of children and adolescents worldwide. The global annual cost of these conditions is estimated at $387.2 billion. Despite strong evidence supporting music therapy’s effectiveness for these conditions, its integration into mainstream healthcare remains limited due to structural, economic, and commissioning barriers. This study explores these challenges and potential facilitators.<br/>Aim(s): To examine the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and acceptability of music therapy for children and young people with mental health, behavioural, and neurodevelopmental conditions.<br/>Methods: A three-phase mixed-methods study is planned. Phase 1 involves three systematic reviews (PROSPERO: CRD420251036652) on effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and acceptability. Phase 2 employs the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) to guide qualitative interviews with commissioners and focus groups with music therapists in Northern Ireland. Phase 3 includes an economic evaluation using data from the Music in Mind trial. If long-term follow-up is infeasible, a trial- and model-based approach will simulate costs and outcomes using published and unpublished data.<br/>Results: Findings from systematic reviews will inform qualitative data collection. Reflexive thematic analysis will identify implementation themes, and economic modelling will assess value for money.<br/>Conclusion: This study will provide robust evidence on music therapy’s effectiveness, acceptability, and cost-effectiveness to support its wider adoption in services for children and young people.