Prevalence, risk factors, management strategies and consequences of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among dental students and professionals in Makkah, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) refer to injuries or conditions that affect the muscles, tendons, nerves, and other components of the musculoskeletal system, often resulting from repetitive movements, sustained static postures, or prolonged periods of sitting and standing. Dental professionals and students are particularly susceptible due to the physically demanding nature of clinical practice. These disorders can adversely affect professional performance, productivity, and overall quality of life. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence, associated risk factors, and potential consequences of WRMSDs among dental students and professionals at Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among dental students and professionals at Umm Al-Qura University. Data were collected using a self-administered, structured online questionnaire designed to assess the prevalence of WRMSDs, associated risk factors, and management strategies. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics software, with the level of significance set at <i>p</i> < 0.05. Among the respondents, 67.8% were under 25 years of age, and 59.8% were female. More than half (55.6%) reported experiencing WRMSD symptoms in at least one body region during the past year, with 36.8% indicating chronic pain. The most commonly affected areas were the neck (56.9%), and lower back (52.3%). The leading contributing factors were inappropriate posture (44.8%) and prolonged sitting (29.7%). The most affected quality-of-life domains included increased stress and anxiety (33.1%), sleep disturbances (30.0%), and reduced academic or occupational performance (25.0%). Despite the high prevalence, 77% of participants did not seek professional care. The most frequently reported pain management strategies were the use of analgesics (31.4%) and engagement in physical activity (29.3%). This study demonstrates a high burden of WRMSDs among dental students and professionals, with symptoms primarily affecting the neck and lower back. Incorporating ergonomic training and structured occupational health programs into dental education and clinical practice may reduce long-term functional impairment and improve overall well-being.