A Retrospective Study of Long-Term Associations of Behavioral Intervention Combined with Medications in Young Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Findings indicate that individuals who documented exposure to PCIT demonstrated elevated rates of alcohol and cannabis use in young adulthood, but had no other differences in psychiatric outcomes. While this aligns with prior literature reporting increased substance use risk in ADHD populations, our study cannot confirm this association relative to non-ADHD controls because such a comparison was not included.These associations likely reflect underlying differences in clinical severity and clinical comorbidities at baseline, rather than a direct effect of PCIT. Further investigation is warranted to determine the treatment effects based on baseline risk factors.