From Tradition to Transition: Understanding the Driving Factors of Declining Use of Ethnomedicine for Livestock and Crops among the Indigenous Khasi People in Bangladesh

For centuries, Indigenous communities have relied on plants, herbs, and shrubs as primary sources of medicine for treating illnesses in both humans and animals. Despite the development and commercialisation of modern medicine, many Indigenous groups—such as the Khasi—continue to depend on traditional healing practices. This study examined current ethnomedicinal practices and the factors associated with the decline in their use in livestock and crop production among the Indigenous Khasi community in Bangladesh. This qualitative observational study was conducted from January to December 2021 in two Khasi villages. A total of 48 informal conversational interviews were conducted initially to build rapport, gain community access, and identify potential participants. Subsequently, 15 in‑depth interviews (IDIs) and five key informant interviews (KIIs) were conducted using a purposive sampling strategy. All interviews were conducted in Bangla. Transcribed and translated textual data were analysed using thematic analysis. Findings reveal that the Khasi continue to use ethnomedicine for livestock and crops due to its accessibility, availability, affordability, and sustainability. The study documented a range of traditional preparation methods—including crushing, chewing, and decoction—each associated with specific livestock ailments and corresponding plant parts. However, several factors contribute to the declining use of ethnomedicine, including the extensive use of chemical pesticides and fertilisers, depletion of therapeutic plants, the widespread commercialisation of modern medication, the adoption of modern education, and a reduction in the number of traditional healers. The study demonstrates that the safe and effective use of therapeutic plants can reduce cultivation costs, preserve natural resources, enhance biodiversity, and protect beneficial organisms essential for cultivation. Although ethnomedicine remains a vital component of Khasi cultural heritage, its long-term sustainability is at heightened risk. Revitalising these practices requires scientific validation, conservation of therapeutic plant species, and inclusive policy-making that meaningfully involves Indigenous communities. A co‑design approach with active participation of Khasi knowledge holders is crucial to the development for conservation policies. Adopting a multidisciplinary and multi‑institutional One Health approach may further strengthen shared values around ethnomedicine and optimise the use of natural and human resources in disease management.