Team effectiveness and organizational citizenship behavior in remote, hybrid, and on-site work: insights from managerial perceptions

Purpose The aim of this study is to examine how team effectiveness and organizational citizenship behavior manifest among employees working under different forms of work organization—full remote work, hybrid work, and full on-site presence—based on managerial perceptions. Design/methodology/approach This study presents findings from a large-scale empirical survey conducted in 2025 in Hungary with 240 managers. The research examined how team effectiveness and organizational citizenship behavior develop among employees working under different forms of work organization. Findings The results confirmed that employees working entirely from home performed the poorest in both team effectiveness and organizational citizenship behavior, while hybrid work arrangements proved most favorable according to managerial evaluations. When designing or transforming forms of work organization, it is therefore particularly important to review and maintain the social, collaborative, and cultural mechanisms that support effective teamwork and employees' voluntary extra-role contributions. The results suggest that in organizations supporting remote work, HR policies should also focus on creating intentional opportunities for interaction in order to prevent performance decline. Practical implications When designing or transforming forms of work organization, it is therefore particularly important to review and maintain the social, collaborative, and cultural mechanisms that support effective teamwork and employees' voluntary extra-role contributions. The results suggest that in organizations supporting remote work, HR policies should also focus on creating intentional opportunities for interaction in order to prevent performance decline. Originality/value Addressing a major gap in the literature, it is the first to explore these two constructs (team effectiveness and organizational citizenship behavior) simultaneously using managerial assessments.