Analysis of the radiative hybrid nanofluid flow across the stretching surface influenced by joule heating and velocity slip

Nanofluids originate by dispersing nanoparticles in conventional fluids that possess better heat transfer features, including thermal conductivity, convective heat transfer, and stability. They have progressed from theoretical notions to practical applications in various sectors that include renewable energy, automobiles, cooling systems, and electronics. Recognizing the importance of nanofluids, the considered study concentrates on the thermal transport analysis of radiative hybrid nanofluid flow. The study additionally examines the impact of velocity slip constraints, thermal radiation, Joule heating, and viscous dissipation on the assumed system. The Darcy–Forchheimer law is considered to comprehend the porosity features. The concept of boundary-layer theory is employed to develop a mathematical model that includes the partial differential equations that formulate the transport behavior of mass, momentum, and energy. Appropriate transformations are applied to express the governing equations and boundary conditions in a dimensionless system. To solve the dimensionless equations, local non-similarity approaches up to the second level of truncation and MATLAB’s bvp4c tool are employed. Results have been presented and discussed using graphs and tables. Analysis shows that the existence of hybrid nanoparticles enhances heat transfer efficiency. Furthermore, comparisons and conclusions are clearly examined.