Lipid peroxidation as a driver of oxidative and neuroinflammatory damage in ocular disease: review and perspectives

<b>Context</b>: Lipid peroxidation (LPO) causes oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in eye diseases. Malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal are produced in the eye via polyunsaturated fatty acid oxidation. <b>Objective</b>: Electrophiles damage biological components. LPO damages the retina and optic nerve, causing age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma. <b>Materials and Methods</b>: LPO also causes cataracts and dry eye in the anterior area. It also stimulates NLRP3 and NF-κB pathways, causing inflammation. <b>Results</b>: Electrophiles damage biological components. LPO damages the retina and optic nerve, causing age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma. LPO also causes cataracts and dry eye in the anterior area. It also stimulates NLRP3 and NF-κB pathways, causing inflammation. <b>Conclusion</b>: Understanding how lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation interact is crucial to developing effective eye health and vision loss therapies.