Socio-economic and health drivers of suicide: A global analysis across income groups

Suicide is a critical global public health challenge, with its socio-economic and health determinants varying significantly across contexts. This study provides the first comprehensive analysis of income-group-specific drivers of suicide, leveraging data from 129 countries over two decades. Using panel regression models to capture cross-country variations and temporal trends, the study identifies mental health disorders as the most significant global contributor, while unemployment universally elevates suicide risk. Alcohol consumption exhibits income-specific patterns, with wine increasing suicide rates in high-income nations and spirits in upper-middle-income settings. In low-income countries, HIV/AIDS prevalence significantly heightens vulnerability. These findings underscore the urgent need for targeted interventions, including expanding access to mental health care as part of universal health coverage, strengthening economic safety nets to mitigate the psychological impacts of unemployment, and implementing tailored alcohol regulation policies. By addressing these global and income-group-specific vulnerabilities, this study offers actionable insights to guide transformative policies and accelerate progress toward achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).