Gouty tophi in Domenico Fetti’s Archimedes: a clinico-iconographic analysis

To propose a clinico-iconographic diagnosis of gouty tophi in Domenico Fetti’s painting Portrait of a Scholar (Archimedes) and to evaluate the morphological features in relation to differentialdiagnoses such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. A detailed visual and morphological analysis of the painting was conducted, focusing on the anatomical features of the depicted hand. The observed characteristics were interpreted within aclinical framework and compared with known manifestations of gout, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis. The evaluation followed the International Guidelines for Iconodiagnosis. The painting shows nodular formations at the level of the thumb, as well as the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints of the index finger and the interphalangeal joint of the third finger.These features are consistent with tophaceous deposits observed in chronic gout. The distribution and morphology of the nodules are less compatible with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, basedon their typical clinical patterns. The clinico-iconographic correlation supports a retrospective diagnosis of probable chronic gouty arthritis, with a Level of Evidence II. This study highlights the value of artworks as potentialhistorical sources for medical observation, bridging art history and clinical interpretation.