A Review of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Options for Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Dogs

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a congenital cardiovascular disorder that can be seen in all species but is most frequently encountered in dogs. Despite being one of the most common cardiac diseases, diagnosis and treatment can still be challenging due to the diversity in vascular morphology. Physical examination findings and imaging modalities (e.g., radiography, echocardiography, and advanced imaging techniques) play a critical role in the diagnosis of the disease and in determining the severity of the shunt. Treatment options include standard surgical applications as well as transcatheter occlusion methods, which are more widely preferred today. Early diagnosis and appropriate intervention for PDA are of critical importance in reducing mortality and preserving cardiac function in dogs. In untreated cases, progressive cardiac remodeling and permanent functional impairment occur; indeed, even if the PDA is closed in late-intervention cases, systolic dysfunction and persistent ventricular enlargement may continue. Following successful operations, complications such as left ventricular dysfunction, arrhythmia, pulmonary edema, and residual shunts must be carefully monitored. Although patients treated at an early stage generally have a normal life expectancy, long-term medical support and follow-up may be required in chronic cases. This review aims to contribute to the clinical decision-making process by summarizing current evidence regarding PDA management in dogs, focusing on anesthetic protocols, surgical and transcatheter techniques, and perioperative outcomes.