Diet of juvenile skipjack herring <i>Alosa chrysochloris</i> : Ontogenetic shifts, predator–prey size ratios and mouth gape allometry

The skipjack herring Alosa chrysochloris inhabits Gulf of Mexico drainages, primarily the Mississippi River Basin, and estuarine environments in the Gulf of Mexico. The trophic ecology of the skipjack herring is poorly understood, therefore we quantified the length, mouth gape and gut contents of juvenile skipjack herring from the Mississippi River (fish n = 6), Illinois River (fish n = 181) and Ohio River (fish n = 255) and tested for changes in diets and predator-prey size ratios during ontogeny. We identified statistically significant changes in prey type consumption during ontogeny. Aquatic insects dominated the diets of skipjack herring <40 mm standard length (SL), with zooplankton and terrestrial insects also contributing to diets. The diets of skipjack herring >40 mm SL were primarily composed of fishes. The most prevalent fish species consumed by skipjack herring were invasive bigheaded carps Hypophthalmichthys spp. and preliminary evidence indicated that inter-annual variation in the consumption of bigheaded carps was driven by variation in juvenile bigheaded carp abundance. Additional research is needed to determine if the enhancement of native skipjack herring populations could be used as a tool to limit bigheaded carp population sizes. Skipjack herring SL and mouth gape were both significantly positively correlated with maximum, median and minimum sizes of prey consumed. There were allometric changes in the mouth gape of juvenile skipjack herring, with the ratio of mouth gape to SL increasing until ~80 mm SL, then gradually declining. Maximum mouth gape to SL ratios corresponded to substantial increases in the consumption of fishes, indicating that mouth gape allometry may facilitate the ontogenetic transition to piscivory in the skipjack herring. This study improves our understanding of skipjack herring ecology and provides data that can be incorporated into future ecological and evolutionary research, such as the development of food web models.