Artificial intelligence for mental health and social inclusion: promise, paradox and responsibility

Purpose This opinion paper explores the growing role of artificial intelligence (AI) tools in supporting mental health and promoting social inclusion. It examines how AI-driven technologies, such as conversational agents, predictive analytics and digital mental health platforms, can expand access to psychological support while also raising ethical, social and policy challenges. This paper aims to critically reflect on the opportunities and risks associated with AI-based mental health solutions, particularly in contexts where access to traditional services remains limited. Design/methodology/approach This paper adopts a conceptual and reflective approach, drawing on emerging interdisciplinary literature in digital health, AI and social inclusion. It synthesizes insights from public health, technology ethics and social policy to discuss how AI applications are being integrated into mental health support systems and how they may influence access, equity and governance in mental health care. Findings AI technologies have the potential to reduce barriers to mental health services by providing scalable, accessible and personalized support tools. These technologies may contribute to early detection of psychological distress and help reach underserved populations. However, the analysis highlights significant risks related to algorithmic bias, privacy concerns, cultural limitations in training data and the persistence of the digital divide. Without appropriate governance frameworks, AI tools may inadvertently reproduce existing social inequalities. Originality/value This paper contributes to the discussion on digital mental health by framing AI as a socio-technical instrument that must be evaluated not only for technological efficiency but also for its implications for social inclusion, ethical governance and equitable access to mental health care.