Influence of natural and anthropogenic factors on weed diversity that affects the wheat crop

Abstract Wheat is a staple crop and a critical component of food security. However, its yield and quality are negatively affected by the intensity of weeds infestation. Weed associations under the influence of soil properties and farming practices have been poorly analyzed. Quantitative ecological data on weeds and soil, along with a questionnaire on farming practices, were collected from 100 wheat fields across District Mianwali, Pakistan. A total of 82 weed species from 29 families were recorded. Poaceae with (15 species) and Asteraceae (13 species) were the dominant families. Principal component analysis and multiple linear regression revealed that potassium, electrical conductivity, soil texture, and saturation were the major soil drivers influencing species‐specific responses. High K level increased the abundance of Hordeum vulgare L., Veronica persica Poir., and Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. High electrical conductivity gradients also favored C. dactylon but reduced Lysimachia arvensis (L.) U.Manns & Anderb., and Rumex dentatus L. Loamy soil supported broadleaf weeds, whereas sandy soils favored grass weeds, and higher saturation promoted V. persica and R. dentatus . Multiple correspondence analysis identified that shallow tillage, stored crop seeds, double fertilizer doses, and canal irrigation were major farming practices that increased weed diversity. Based on the findings, soil testing before sowing the crop, keeping K below 120 mg/kg − 1 , avoiding double fertilizer doses, storing old seeds, changing the irrigation system to a sprinkler or solar tubewell, and improving the sandy areas by adding manure are included in practical management recommendations. These practices will reduce weeds infestation and increase sustainable wheat production.