Chemical Composition and Biological Potential of Essential Oils from the Genus <i>Siparuna</i> (Aubl.): Advances, Limitations, and Perspectives

The genus Siparuna Aubl. (Siparunaceae) comprises aromatic species widely distributed in the Neotropics and traditionally used in folk medicine to treat fever, inflammation, malaria, gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders, and as natural repellents. These plants are rich in essential oils (EOs), mainly composed of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, which exhibit a broad spectrum of biological properties. The present study analyzes the variability in the chemical composition and biological activities of EOS from species of the genus Siparuna . A review of the current literature revealed that the chemical composition of Siparuna essential oils (EOs) is characterized by a predominance of compounds, including bicyclogermacrene, germacrene D, β-myrcene, α-pinene, spathulenol, and curzerenone. It is evident that there is notable chemical variability among species and geographical locations. In contrast, despite the presence of chemical variability, antioxidant activity remained consistently low or absent. Significant antimicrobial, antifungal, insecticidal, antiparasitic, and anti-inflammatory activities were documented. Siparuna guianensis demonstrated notable synergistic antimicrobial properties in combination with antibiotics, a pronounced larvicidal effect against Aedes aegypti when nanoencapsulated, and acaricidal activity against Rhipicephalus microplus . Additionally, it exhibited ethnopharmacological relevance as an antimalarial agent. Other species, including Siparuna brasiliensis , Siparuna muricata, and Siparuna thecaphora , also demonstrated promising biological activities. The employment of technological strategies, including nanoemulsions and encapsulation, has been demonstrated to enhance the stability and efficacy of EOs, thereby reinforcing their potential as bioinsecticides and phytotherapeutics. However, significant knowledge gaps persist, particularly concerning standardization of extraction methods, toxicological safety, mechanisms of action, and conservation strategies for sustainable use. The evidence presented in this study underscores the significance of Siparuna as a promising reservoir of bioactive metabolites, offering substantial pharmaceutical, agricultural, and industrial applications. This analysis emphasizes the necessity for integrative approaches that integrate ethnobotanical knowledge with contemporary biotechnological tools to facilitate the exploration of this genus potential.