COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON OFFSHORE WIND TURBINE: TECHNOLOGY, CHALLENGES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Offshore wind energy has emerged as a critical component of the global renewable energy transition, with installed capacity growing exponentially over the past decade. This comprehensive review paper examines the current state of offshore wind turbine technology, addressing key technical domains including foundation systems, aerodynamics, structural dynamics, floating platforms, control systems, maintenance strategies, and environmental considerations. Through systematic analysis of recent literature (2018-2026), this study identifies technological advancements, persistent challenges, and future research directions. The analysis reveals significant progress in floating offshore wind technology, digital twin implementation for predictive maintenance, and wake steering optimization, while highlighting ongoing challenges related to extreme weather resilience, cost reduction, and grid integration. This paper synthesizes findings from various peer-reviewed publications to provide a holistic understanding of offshore wind turbine systems and inform future research and development priorities.