Piper beetle: A Comprehensive Review of its Ethnobotanical and Pharmacological Potential

Piper betle L. (Piperaceae), commonly known as the betel vine, holds a unique position in the sociocultural fabric of South and Southeast Asia.While largely recognized for its role in the masticatory "betel quid" (Paan), the leaf itself possesses a rich history as a potent therapeutic agent in traditional medicine systems like Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani.This review transcends the leaf's recreational identity to explore its status as a "healing master."We examine the phytochemistry of P. betle, highlighting bioactive compounds such as eugenol, hydroxychavicol, and chavibetol, responsible for its medicinal properties.The review comprehensively analyzes current pharmacological evidence supporting its antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, gastroprotective, and potential chemopreventive activities.Furthermore, a critical distinction is drawn between the therapeutic profile of the isolated betel leaf versus the carcinogenic risks associated with the complete betel quid (containing tobacco and areca nut).The review concludes that P. betle represents an underutilized reservoir of bioactive molecules with significant potential for modern therapeutic applications, warranting further clinical exploration.