Global trends in obesity-related cancer: risk factors, prevention, and policy interventions

Obesity is a major modifiable risk factor contributing significantly to the global cancer burden. This narrative review summarises global trends in obesity-related cancers (ORCs), integrating molecular links with clinical, pharmacological and public health prevention strategies. Epidemiological research indicates an increasing range of ORC, particularly early-onset cases in high-income settings and higher mortality in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Beyond lifestyle modification, bariatric surgery and novel pharmacotherapies, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, offer sustained metabolic benefits and potential reductions in cancer risk. At the population level, fiscal policies, stringent labelling and urban planning are essential but remain inconsistently implemented. Significant disparities persist in health equity and the integration of obesity management into cancer prevention frameworks. Future efforts must prioritise equitable, culturally relevant and multilevel interventions, combining clinical care with robust population-based policies, to effectively mitigate ORC risk globally, especially in LMICs and among vulnerable groups.