A Dynamic Multiphase Model for Hydrocarbon and Hydrothermal Systems: Linking Deep Energy, Fluid Migration, and Reservoir Formation

This study presents a unified dynamic model describing subsurface fluid systems through a 13-phase framework integrating physics, chemistry, and geology. The model proposes that hydrocarbon reservoirs and hydrothermal systems are outcomes of the same underlying process, controlled by the balance between driving pressure and geological resistance. A key parameter, Λ = P_flow / P_c, governs system behavior. When Λ < 1, fluids accumulate and form reservoirs; when Λ > 1, fluids continue migrating and form hydrothermal systems. The model explains reservoir formation, variability, and the coexistence of oil, gas, and geothermal systems within a single theoretical framework. This work introduces a dynamic, process-based alternative to classical static models and contributes to a unified understanding of subsurface energy systems. The framework is further expanded through a structured 13-phase system describing the full evolution of fluid migration and accumulation. Additionally, model validation is supported through real-world case studies of giant reservoirs, demonstrating that large-scale accumulation requires sustained pressure conditions, effective sealing systems, and favorable lithological properties . Series Information This publication is part of a broader research series: “13 Phases of Subsurface Fluid Systems” Each phase represents a distinct stage in fluid generation, migration, accumulation, and transformation within the Earth’s crust.