The contributions of Frederick Hardy to tropical soil science and soil survey

Frederick (Fred) Hardy (1889–1977) entered the field of soil science before it was fully considered an independent academic discipline and was influential in establishing an early understanding of the interactions between ecology, agriculture, and soils. He achieved this through his recognition that emphasis needed to be placed on what farmers were presently growing, which would then lead to valuable insights with regard to the soil parameters vital to the crop. These insights came from his recognition that field studies, including talking to farmers, provided valuable information on the parameters vital for crop growth. The Caribbean region, in which Hardy worked, was well suited to these ideas given the rapid changes in geology, topography, and land use across the islands. Building on this, Hardy therefore believed that soil surveys were an important facet in any understanding of agricultural production. This approach was until recently, a reversal of the wider thinking where little attention was paid to the intrinsic knowledge of the farmers. Hardy's ideas were supported by extensive research, and field experience in soil survey. This informed his lengthy and far-reaching teaching career, and shaped the training of many colonial agricultural officers, agronomists, and soil scientists and placed him as one of the leading figures in tropical soil science in the first half of the 20th Century. His achievements can be compared with those of Geoffrey Milne and his colleagues in East Africa and C. F. Charter in Ghana, though Milne's most significant work was undertaken in the 1930's while Charter's work was two decades later ( Borden, et al., 2019 ; Young, 2007 ). We review Hardy's career in the Caribbean and discuss his influence on methods of survey, classification of tropical soils, and his teaching and institutional building contribution. • Frederick Hardy was a leading figure in tropical soil science in the 20th Century. • He entered the field of soil science before it was considered an independent academic discipline. • He was influential in understanding the interactions between ecology, agriculture and soils. • He recognised that farmer knowledge of their soils was vital in understanding agricultural production. • His extensive Caribbean field experience informed his academic status and lengthy teaching career, providing an entry point for future researchers.