Process-Oriented Analysis of Uranium Mine Closure: Environmental, Socio-Economic and Energy Security Implications

Abstract Uranium mine closure represents a complex, multi-stage process encompassing technical decommissioning, environmental remediation, and socio-economic adjustment, with impacts extending beyond the mining sector. In countries operating nuclear power plants, such as Romania, the closure of domestic uranium mining activities also affects regional labour markets and long-term energy system configuration. This study assesses the medium- and long-term impacts of uranium mine closure from a process-oriented perspective, focusing on environmental cost internalization, workforce transition, and institutional coordination. The research adopts a mixed-method approach combining documentary analysis of regulatory and strategic frameworks with a quantitative survey conducted among 50 experts in mining engineering, environmental management, and energy-related fields. Descriptive statistical techniques are used to evaluate expert perceptions regarding the effectiveness and coherence of mine closure processes, including environmental protection measures, social compensation mechanisms, and post-closure development strategies. The results show that technical closure and environmental remediation measures are partially implemented and generally aligned with regulatory requirements. However, significant shortcomings persist in labour reconversion programs, inter-institutional coordination, and the integration of mine closure with regional development and renewable energy initiatives.